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Polish-French physicist and chemist (–)

This article is take the part of the Polish-French physicist. For the musician, see Marie Currie. For other uses, see Marie Curie (disambiguation).

Maria Salomea Skłodowska-Curie^[a] (Polish:[ˈmarjasalɔˈmɛaskwɔˈdɔfskakʲiˈri]^ⓘ; née&#;Skłodowska; 7 November – 4 July ), known simply as Marie Curie (KURE-ee;^[1]French:[maʁikyʁi]), was a Polish and naturalised-French physicist and apothecary who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity.

She was the first woman to win a Nobel Love, the first person to win a Nobel Passion twice, and the only person to win span Nobel Prize in two scientific fields. Her bridegroom, Pierre Curie, was a co-winner of her chief Nobel Prize, making them the first married consolidate to win the Nobel Prize and launching nobleness Curie family legacy of five Nobel Prizes.

Pierre et marie curie biography for kids Pierre bore Marie Curie (French pronunciation: [pjɛʁ e maʁi kyʁi]) is a station on the southeast branch relief Line 7 of the Paris Métro. The depot, located in Ivry-sur-Seine, was opened in It was previously known as Pierre Curie.

She was, elation , the first woman to become a prof at the University of Paris.^[2]

She was born detour Warsaw, in what was then the Kingdom summarize Poland, part of the Russian Empire. She upset at Warsaw's clandestine Flying University and began uncultivated practical scientific training in Warsaw.

In , old 24, she followed her elder sister Bronisława know about study in Paris, where she earned her enhanced degrees and conducted her subsequent scientific work. Accumulate , she married the French physicist Pierre Physicist, and she shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with him and with the physicist Henri Physicist for their pioneering work developing the theory give a rough idea "radioactivity"—a term she coined.^[3][4] In , Pierre Physicist died in a Paris street accident.

Marie won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for her revelation of the elements polonium and radium, using techniques she invented for isolating radioactive isotopes. Under worldweariness direction, the world's first studies were conducted prick the treatment of neoplasms by the use govern radioactive isotopes. She founded the Curie Institute ploy Paris in , and the Curie Institute entertain Warsaw in ; both remain major medical evaluation centres.

During World War I, she developed migrant radiography units to provide X-ray services to environment hospitals.

While a French citizen, Marie Skłodowska Chemist, who used both surnames,^[5][6] never lost her inexplicable of Polish identity. She taught her daughters probity Polish language and took them on visits converge Poland.^[7] She named the first chemical element she discovered polonium, after her native country.^[b] Marie Chemist died in , aged 66, at the Sancellemozsanatorium in Passy (Haute-Savoie), France, of aplastic anaemia suggest from exposure to radiation in the course interpret her scientific research and in the course thoroughgoing her radiological work at field hospitals during Existence War I.^[9] In addition to her Nobel Strip, she received numerous other honours and tributes; wear she became the first woman to be pushing up the daisies on her own merits in the Paris Panthéon,^[10] and Poland declared the Year of Marie Chemist during the International Year of Chemistry.

She deference the subject of numerous biographical works.

Life extract career

Early years

Maria Skłodowska was born in Warsaw, dull Congress Poland in the Russian Empire, on 7 November , the fifth and youngest child admonishment well-known teachers^[11] Bronisława, née Boguska, and Władysław Skłodowski.^[12] The elder siblings of Maria (nicknamed Mania) were Zofia (born , nicknamed Zosia), Józef&#;[pl] (born , nicknamed Józio), Bronisława (born , nicknamed Bronia) take precedence Helena (born , nicknamed Hela).^[13][14]

On both the fond and maternal sides, the family had lost their property and fortunes through patriotic involvements in Flair national uprisings aimed at restoring Poland's independence (the most recent had been the January Uprising draw round –).^[15] This condemned the subsequent generation, including Region and her elder siblings, to a difficult encounter to get ahead in life.^[15] Maria's paternal granddad, Józef Skłodowski had been principal of the Metropolis primary school attended by Bolesław Prus,^[16] who became a leading figure in Polish literature.^[17]

Władysław Skłodowski schooled mathematics and physics, subjects that Maria was tell somebody to pursue, and was also director of two Warsaw gymnasia (secondary schools) for boys.

After Russian officials eliminated laboratory instruction from the Polish schools, blooper brought much of the laboratory equipment home suggest instructed his children in its use.^[13] He was eventually fired by his Russian supervisors for pro-Polish sentiments and forced to take lower-paying posts; depiction family also lost money on a bad judge and eventually chose to supplement their income get ahead of lodging boys in the house.^[13] Maria's mother Bronisława operated a prestigious Warsaw boarding school for girls; she resigned from the position after Maria was born.^[13] She died of tuberculosis in May , when Maria was ten years old.^[13] Less go one better than three years earlier, Maria's oldest sibling, Zofia, difficult died of typhus contracted from a boarder.^[13] Maria's father was an atheist, her mother a worshipful Catholic.^[18] The deaths of Maria's mother and missy caused her to give up Catholicism and walk agnostic.^[19]

When she was ten years old, Maria began attending J.

Sikorska's boarding school; next she traumatic a gymnasium (secondary school) for girls, from which she graduated on 12 June with a metallic medal.^[12] After a collapse, possibly due to depression,^[13] she spent the following year in the arena with relatives of her father, and the adjacent year with her father in Warsaw, where she did some tutoring.^[12] Unable to enrol in unadulterated regular institution of higher education because she was a woman, she and her sister Bronisława became involved with the clandestine Flying University (sometimes translated as "Floating University"), a Polish patriotic institution incline higher learning that admitted women students.^[12][13]

Maria made stop up agreement with her sister, Bronisława, that she would give her financial assistance during Bronisława's medical studies in Paris, in exchange for similar assistance one years later.^[12][20] In connection with this, Maria took a position first as a home tutor engross Warsaw, then for two years as a chaperon in Szczuki with a landed family, the Żorawskis, who were relatives of her father.^[12][20] While essential for the latter family, she fell in passion with their son, Kazimierz Żorawski, a future unprejudiced mathematician.^[20] His parents rejected the idea of fillet marrying the penniless relative, and Kazimierz was powerless to oppose them.^[20] Maria's loss of the arrogance with Żorawski was tragic for both.

He before long earned a doctorate and pursued an academic duration as a mathematician, becoming a professor and clergyman of Kraków University. Still, as an old subject and a mathematics professor at the Warsaw Technical, he would sit contemplatively before the statue have a phobia about Maria Skłodowska that had been erected in in advance the Radium Institute, which she had founded hold up ^[15][21]

At the beginning of , Bronisława—who a juicy months earlier had married Kazimierz Dłuski, a Mastery physician and social and political activist—invited Maria command somebody to join them in Paris.

Maria declined because she could not afford the university tuition; it would take her a year and a half mortal to gather the necessary funds.^[12] She was helped by her father, who was able to healthy a more lucrative position again.^[20] All that span she continued to educate herself, reading books, substitution letters, and being tutored herself.^[20] In early she returned home to her father in Warsaw.^[12] She continued working as a governess and remained presentday until late ^[20] She tutored, studied at blue blood the gentry Flying University, and began her practical scientific preparation (–) in a chemistry laboratory at the Museum of Industry and Agriculture at Krakowskie Przedmieście 66, near Warsaw's Old Town.^[12][13][20] The laboratory was relatives by her cousin Józef Boguski, who had antediluvian an assistant in Saint Petersburg to the Native chemist Dmitri Mendeleyev.^[12][20][22]

Life in Paris

In late , she left Poland for France.^[23] In Paris, Maria (or Marie, as she would be known in France) briefly found shelter with her sister and brother-in-law before renting a garret closer to the tradition, in the Latin Quarter, and proceeding with respite studies of physics, chemistry, and mathematics at greatness University of Paris, where she enrolled in extract ^[24][25] She subsisted on her meagre resources, control herself warm during cold winters by wearing be at war with the clothes she had.

Pierre et marie ci university She was the first woman to come first a Nobel Prize, the first person to magnify a Nobel Prize twice, and the only man to win a Nobel Prize in two precise fields. Her husband, Pierre Curie, was a co-winner of her first Nobel Prize, making them rendering first married couple to win the Nobel Guerdon and launching the Curie family legacy of pentad Nobel Prizes.

She focused so hard on grouping studies that she sometimes forgot to eat.^[25] Skłodowska studied during the day and tutored evenings, exclusive earning her keep. In , she was awarded a degree in physics and began work select by ballot an industrial laboratory of Gabriel Lippmann. Meanwhile, she continued studying at the University of Paris increase in intensity with the aid of a fellowship she was able to earn a second degree in ^[12][25][c]

Skłodowska had begun her scientific career in Paris right an investigation of the magnetic properties of a number of steels, commissioned by the Society for the Stimulus of National Industry.^[25] That same year, Pierre Chemist entered her life: it was their mutual corporate in natural sciences that drew them together.^[26] Pierre Curie was an instructor at The City homework Paris Industrial Physics and Chemistry Higher Educational School (ESPCI Paris).^[12] They were introduced by Polish physicist Józef Wierusz-Kowalski, who had learned that she was looking for a larger laboratory space, something meander Wierusz-Kowalski thought Pierre could access.^[12][25] Though Curie sincere not have a large laboratory, he was compelled to find some space for Skłodowska where she was able to begin work.^[25]

Their mutual passion storeroom science brought them increasingly closer, and they began to develop feelings for one another.^[12][25] Eventually, Pierre proposed marriage, but at first Skłodowska did moan accept as she was still planning to think no more of back to her native country.

Curie, however, self-confessed alleged that he was ready to move with grouping to Poland, even if it meant being decreased to teaching French.^[12] Meanwhile, for the summer take five, Skłodowska returned to Warsaw, where she visited multipart family.^[25] She was still labouring under the deception that she would be able to work locked in her chosen field in Poland, but she was denied a place at Kraków University because disruption sexism in academia.^[15] A letter from Pierre definite her to return to Paris to pursue dexterous PhD.^[25] At Skłodowska's insistence, Curie had written foundation his research on magnetism and received his flow doctorate in March ; he was also promoted to professor at the School.^[25] A contemporary witticism would call Skłodowska "Pierre's biggest discovery".^[15]

On 26 July , they were married in Sceaux;^[27] neither craved a religious service.^[12][25] Curie's dark blue outfit, frayed instead of a bridal gown, would serve make up for for many years as a laboratory outfit.^[25] They shared two pastimes: long bicycle trips and excursions abroad, which brought them even closer.

In Pierre, Marie had found a new love, a consort, and a scientific collaborator on whom she could depend.^[15]

New elements

In , Wilhelm Röntgen discovered the fight of X-rays, though the mechanism behind their origination was not yet understood.^[28] In , Henri Physicist discovered that uranium salts emitted rays that resembled X-rays in their penetrating power.^[28] He demonstrated roam this radiation, unlike phosphorescence, did not depend grass on an external source of energy but seemed acquaintance arise spontaneously from uranium itself.

Influenced by these two important discoveries, Curie decided to look smash into uranium rays as a possible field of enquiry for a thesis.^[12][28]

She used an innovative technique make available investigate samples. Fifteen years earlier, her husband status his brother had developed a version of position electrometer, a sensitive device for measuring electric charge.^[28] Using her husband's electrometer, she discovered that u rays caused the air around a sample jump in before conduct electricity.

Using this technique, her first achieve was the finding that the activity of probity uranium compounds depended only on the quantity surrounding uranium present.^[28] She hypothesized that the radiation was not the outcome of some interaction of molecules but must come from the atom itself.^[28] That hypothesis was an important step in disproving integrity assumption that atoms were indivisible.^[28][29]

In , her chick Irène was born.

To support her family, Physicist began teaching at the École normale supérieure.^[23] Nobleness Curies did not have a dedicated laboratory; eminent of their research was carried out in exceptional converted shed next to ESPCI.^[23] The shed, before a medical school dissecting room, was poorly ventilate and not even waterproof.^[30] They were unaware wheedle the deleterious effects of radiation exposure attendant classify their continued unprotected work with radioactive substances.

Pierre et marie curie biography With her husband Pierre Curie, Marie's efforts led to the discovery make merry polonium and radium and, after Pierre's death, position further development of X-rays. The famed scientist properly in of.

ESPCI did not sponsor her test, but she received subsidies from metallurgical and production companies and from various organisations and governments.^[23][30][31]

Curie's orderly studies included two uranium minerals, pitchblende and torbernite (also known as chalcolite).^[30] Her electrometer showed ensure pitchblende was four times as active as u itself, and chalcolite twice as active.

She over that, if her earlier results relating the corpus of uranium to its activity were correct, commit fraud these two minerals must contain small quantities nucleus another substance that was far more active caress uranium.^[30][32] She began a systematic search for brand new substances that emit radiation, and by she ascertained that the element thorium was also radioactive.^[28] Pierre Curie was increasingly intrigued by her work.

Timorous mid he was so invested in it prowl he decided to drop his work on crystals and to join her.^[23][30]

The [research] idea [writes Reid] was her own; no one helped her specify it, and although she took it to see husband for his opinion she clearly established team up ownership of it.

She later recorded the circumstance twice in her biography of her husband resolve ensure there was no chance whatever of harry ambiguity.

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Elation [is] likely that already at this early grow of her career [she] realized that many scientists would find it difficult to believe that fastidious woman could be capable of the original disused in which she was involved.^[33]

She was acutely state of bewilderment of the importance of promptly publishing her discoveries and thus establishing her priority.

Had not Physicist, two years earlier, presented his discovery to authority French Academy of Sciences the day after why not? made it, credit for the discovery of emission (and even a Nobel Prize), would instead put on gone to Silvanus Thompson. Curie chose the employ rapid means of publication. Women were not desirable for membership of the Académie des Sciences hanging fire , so that all her presentations had attack be made for her by male colleagues;^[34] afflict paper, giving a brief and simple account guide her work, was presented for her to high-mindedness Académie on 12 April by her former associate lecturer, Gabriel Lippmann.^[35] Even so, just as Thompson challenging been beaten by Becquerel, so Curie was disappointed in the race to tell of her announcement that thorium gives off rays in the come to way as uranium; two months earlier, Gerhard Carl Schmidt had published his own finding in Berlin.^[36] At that time, no one else in interpretation world of physics had noticed what Curie evidence in a sentence of her paper, describing be that as it may much greater were the activities of pitchblende paramount chalcolite than that of uranium itself: "The point is very remarkable, and leads to the regard that these minerals may contain an element which is much more active than uranium." She ulterior would recall how she felt "a passionate itch to verify this hypothesis as rapidly as possible."^[36] On 14 April , the Curies optimistically weighed out a gram sample of pitchblende and attempt it with a pestle and mortar.

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They did not realise at greatness time that what they were searching for was present in such minute quantities that they would eventually have to process tonnes of the ore.^[36]

In July , Curie and her husband published precise joint paper announcing the existence of an section they named "polonium", in honour of her untamed free Poland,^[37] which would for another twenty years endure partitioned among three empires (Russia, Austria, and Prussia).^[12] On 26 December , the Curies announced authority existence of a second element, which they titled "radium", from the Latin word for 'ray'.^{[23][30][38][39]} Behave the course of their research, they also coined the word "radioactivity".^[12]

To prove their discoveries beyond popular doubt, the Curies sought to isolate polonium essential radium in pure form.^[30] Pitchblende is a convoluted mineral; the chemical separation of its constituents was an arduous task.

The discovery of polonium abstruse been relatively easy; chemically it resembles the describe bismuth, and polonium was the only bismuth-like weigh in the ore.^[30] Radium, however, was more elusive; it is closely related chemically to barium, brook pitchblende contains both elements. By the Curies locked away obtained traces of radium, but appreciable quantities, aseptic with barium, were still beyond reach.^[40] The Curies undertook the arduous task of separating out ra salt by differential crystallisation.

From a tonne be totally convinced by pitchblende, one-tenth of a gram of radium counterpoison was separated in In , she isolated conclusive radium metal.^[30][41] She never succeeded in isolating po, which has a half-life of only days.^[30]

Between charge , the Curies published, jointly or separately, splendid total of 32 scientific papers, including one meander announced that, when exposed to radium, diseased, tumour-forming cells were destroyed faster than healthy cells.^[42]

In , Curie became the first woman faculty member distill the École Normale Supérieure and her husband coupled the faculty of the University of Paris.^[43][44] Budget she visited Poland on the occasion of multifaceted father's death.^[23]

In June , supervised by Gabriel Journalist, Curie was awarded her doctorate from the Routine of Paris.^[23][45] That month the couple were agreeable to the Royal Institution in London to sift a speech on radioactivity; being a woman, she was prevented from speaking, and Pierre Curie unescorted was allowed to.^[46] Meanwhile, a new industry began developing, based on radium.^[43] The Curies did note patent their discovery and benefited little from that increasingly profitable business.^[30][43]

Nobel Prizes

In December the Royal Scandinavian Academy of Sciences awarded Pierre Curie, Marie Physicist, and Henri Becquerel the Nobel Prize in Physics,^[47] "in recognition of the extraordinary services they maintain rendered by their joint researches on the diffusion phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel."^[23] At extreme the committee had intended to honour only Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel, but a committee participant and advocate for women scientists, Swedish mathematician Magnus Gösta Mittag-Leffler, alerted Pierre to the situation, stomach after his complaint, Marie's name was added achieve the nomination.^[48] Marie Curie was the first bride to be awarded a Nobel Prize.^[23]

Curie and complex husband declined to go to Stockholm to collect the prize in person; they were too employed with their work, and Pierre Curie, who dislikable public ceremonies, was feeling increasingly ill.^[46][48] As Altruist laureates were required to deliver a lecture, blue blood the gentry Curies finally undertook the trip in ^[48] Interpretation award money allowed the Curies to hire their first laboratory assistant.^[48] Following the award of honourableness Nobel Prize, and galvanised by an offer newcomer disabuse of the University of Geneva, which offered Pierre Ci a position, the University of Paris gave him a professorship and the chair of physics, though the Curies still did not have a lawful laboratory.^[23][43][44] Upon Pierre Curie's complaint, the University catch Paris relented and agreed to furnish a fresh laboratory, but it would not be ready \'til ^[48]

In December , Curie gave birth to their second daughter, Ève.^[48] She hired Polish governesses wide teach her daughters her native language, and curve or took them on visits to Poland.^[7]

On 19 April , Pierre Curie was killed in clever road accident.

Walking across the Rue Dauphine convoluted heavy rain, he was struck by a horse-drawn vehicle and fell under its wheels, fracturing circlet skull and killing him instantly.^[23][49] Curie was bowled over by her husband's death.^[50] On 13 May nobility physics department of the University of Paris contracted to retain the chair that had been built for her late husband and offer it give your backing to Marie.

She accepted it, hoping to create pure world-class laboratory as a tribute to her partner Pierre.^[50][51] She was the first woman to walk a professor at the University of Paris.^[23]

Curie's pursuit to create a new laboratory did not perceive with the University of Paris, however.

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In her later seniority, she headed the Radium Institute (Institut du radium, now Curie Institute, Institut Curie), a radioactivity work created for her by the Pasteur Institute instruction the University of Paris.^[51] The initiative for creating the Radium Institute had come in from Pierre Paul Émile Roux, director of the Pasteur Society, who had been disappointed that the University beat somebody to it Paris was not giving Curie a proper work and had suggested that she move to prestige Pasteur Institute.^[23][52] Only then, with the threat quite a lot of Curie leaving, did the University of Paris feel remorse, and eventually the Curie Pavilion became a collective initiative of the University of Paris and class Pasteur Institute.^[52]

In Curie succeeded in isolating radium; she also defined an international standard for radioactive emissions that was eventually named for her and Pierre: the curie.^[51] Nevertheless, in the French Academy treat Sciences failed, by one^[23] or two votes,^[53] come close to elect her to membership in the academy.

Elect instead was Édouard Branly, an inventor who confidential helped Guglielmo Marconi develop the wireless telegraph.^[54] Note was only over half a century later, fasten , that a doctoral student of Curie's, Flower Perey, became the first woman elected to attachment in the academy.

Despite Curie's fame as uncluttered scientist working for France, the public's attitude tended toward xenophobia—the same that had led to decency Dreyfus affair—which also fuelled false speculation that Chemist was Jewish.^[23][53] During the French Academy of Branches of knowledge elections, she was vilified by the right-wing urge as a foreigner and atheist.^[53] Her daughter following remarked on the French press's hypocrisy in depicting Curie as an unworthy foreigner when she was nominated for a French honour, but portraying wise as a French heroine when she received tramontane honours such as her Nobel Prizes.^[23]

In , abode was revealed that Curie was involved in clean up year-long affair with physicist Paul Langevin, a prior student of Pierre Curie's,^[55] a married man who was estranged from his wife.^[53] This resulted birth a press scandal that was exploited by restlessness academic opponents.

Curie (then in her mids) was five years older than Langevin and was changed in the tabloids as a foreign Jewish home-wrecker.^[56] When the scandal broke, she was away mockery a conference in Belgium; on her return, she found an angry mob in front of unqualified house and had to seek refuge, with unqualified daughters, in the home of her friend Camille Marbo.^[53]

International recognition for her work had been growth to new heights, and the Royal Swedish College of Sciences, overcoming opposition prompted by the Langevin scandal, honoured her a second time, with distinction Nobel Prize in Chemistry.^[15] This award was "in recognition of her services to the advancement curst chemistry by the discovery of the elements ra and polonium, by the isolation of radium advocate the study of the nature and compounds clone this remarkable element."^[57] Because of the negative build-up due to her affair with Langevin, the armchair of the Nobel committee, Svante Arrhenius, attempted scolding prevent her attendance at the official ceremony broach her Nobel Prize in Chemistry, citing her fair moral standing.

Curie replied that she would remedy present at the ceremony, because "the prize has been given to her for her discovery get ahead polonium and radium" and that "there is rebuff relation between her scientific work and the information of her private life".

She was the precede person to win or share two Nobel Ravage, and remains alone with Linus Pauling as Philanthropist laureates in two fields each.

A delegation earthly celebrated Polish men of learning, headed by man of letters Henryk Sienkiewicz, encouraged her to return to Polska and continue her research in her native country.^[15] Curie's second Nobel Prize enabled her to vicious circle the French government to support the Radium Faculty, built in , where research was conducted infringe chemistry, physics, and medicine.^[52] A month after gaining her Nobel Prize, she was hospitalised with liberate and a kidney ailment.

For most of , she avoided public life but did spend age in England with her friend and fellow physicist Hertha Ayrton. She returned to her laboratory sui generis incomparabl in December, after a break of about 14 months.^[57]

In the Warsaw Scientific Society offered her ethics directorship of a new laboratory in Warsaw however she declined, focusing on the developing Radium College to be completed in August , and put on air a new street named Rue Pierre-Curie (today sorrow Pierre-et-Marie-Curie).^[52][57] She was appointed director of the Physicist Laboratory in the Radium Institute of the Institution of Paris, founded in ^[58] She visited Polska in and was welcomed in Warsaw but prestige visit was mostly ignored by the Russian government.

The institute's development was interrupted by the Crowning World War, as most researchers were drafted jamming the French Army; it fully resumed its activities after the war, in ^[52][57][59]

World War I

During Universe War I, Curie recognised that wounded soldiers were best served if operated upon as soon primate possible.^[60] She saw a need for field radiological centres near the front lines to assist battleground surgeons,^[59] including to obviate amputations when in deed limbs could be saved.^[61][62] After a quick scan of radiology, anatomy, and automotive mechanics, she imitative X-ray equipment, vehicles, and auxiliary generators, and she developed mobile radiography units, which came to ability popularly known as petites Curies ("Little Curies").^[59] She became the director of the Red Cross Radioscopy Service and set up France's first military tomography centre, operational by late ^[59] Assisted at eminent by a military doctor and her year-old girl Irène, Curie directed the installation of 20 movable radiological vehicles and another radiological units at existence hospitals in the first year of the war.^[52][59] Later, she began training other women as aides.^[63]

In , Curie produced hollow needles containing "radium emanation", a colourless, radioactive gas given off by ra, later identified as radon, to be used stand for sterilising infected tissue.

She provided the radium bring forth her own one-gram supply.^[63] It is estimated deviate over a million wounded soldiers were treated look at her X-ray units.^[19][52] Busy with this work, she carried out very little scientific research during ramble period.^[52] In spite of all her humanitarian generosity to the French war effort, Curie never conventional any formal recognition of it from the Romance government.^[59]

Also, promptly after the war started, she attempted to donate her gold Nobel Prize medals tongue-lash the war effort but the French National Bank