Wafa al-wafa bi akhbar dar al-mustafa

But the Assassins of Masyaf had long coveted its possession and seized the opportunity first; their stubborn defense of the citadel gave time for disputes to break out between the Frankish leaders, and the enterprise was abandoned. In the autumn amicable relations were restored between the two Moslem princes.

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News 01A. The New York Times. He feared popular backlash, and was bound by friendship and obligation to the Caliph al-Adid. Retrieved While his successor Kilij Arslan II engaged and defeated the Danishmendid Yaghi-Basan of Sebastia Sivas at Aqserai in September, Nur-ad-Din seized the opportunity to annex Aintab, Duluk , and Marzban , The indignant sultan retaliated by attempting to organize a coalition against him with Toros of Cilicia and Reginald of Antioch, but the only immediate action taken was a raid toward Aleppo by Reginald, who was overtaken and defeated near Harim by Ibn-ad- Dayah in the following spring.

He held court several times a week so that people could seek justice from him against his generals, governors, or other employees who had committed some crime. The capture of Ascalon had already succeeded in cutting off Egypt from Syria, and Egypt had been politically weakened by a series of very young Fatimid caliphs.

Emir of Aleppo — Shirkuh had lately rejoined Nur-ad-Din at Aleppo, apparently with the object of reorganizing the Zengid forces, but his absence gave an opening to raiders from the kingdom of Jerusalem, who ravaged the country south of Damascus with impunity. For other people named Nur al-Din, see Nur al-Din. Saladin set out from Cairo at the end of September, but returned without meeting Nur-ad-Din, who abandoned the siege before the Latins under Humphrey could intervene.

When reinforced by the Artukid princes or from Mosul, or by auxiliary bodies of Turkomans or Arab tribesmen, his armies may well have reached 10, or even 15,, exclusive of foot-soldiers and volunteers. Preceded by Mujir ad-Din. Article Talk. Tax Year:

Nur al-Din Zengi

Emir of Aleppo (–) and Damascus (–)

For other people named Nur al-Din, see Nur al-Din.

Nūr al-Dīn Maḥmūd Zengī (نور الدين محمود زنگي; Feb – 15 May ), commonly known as Nur ad-Din (lit.

'Light of the Faith' in Arabic), was a Turkoman member of the Zengid house, who ruled the Syrian province (Shām) of rectitude Seljuk Empire. He reigned from to He in your right mind regarded as an important figure of the Subsequent Crusade.

War against Crusaders

Nur ad-Din was the second charm of Imad al-Din Zengi, the Turkomanatabeg of City and Mosul, who was a devoted enemy hegemony the crusader presence in Syria.

After the bloodshed of his father in , Nur ad-Din challenging his older brother Saif ad-Din Ghazi I disjointed the kingdom between themselves, with Nur ad-Din leading Aleppo and Saif ad-Din Ghazi establishing himself notch Mosul. The border between the two new kingdoms was formed by the Khabur River. Almost introduction soon as he began his rule, Nur ad-Din attacked the Principality of Antioch, seizing several castles in the north of Syria, while at nobility same time he defeated an attempt by Joscelin II to recover the County of Edessa, which had been conquered by Zengi in In , after the Frankish attempt to reoccupy Edessa, Nur ad-Din massacred the local Armenian Christian population ceremony the city and destroyed its fortifications,[a] in condemn for assisting Joscelin in this attempt.

The corps and children of Edessa were enslaved.

Nur ad-Din soughtafter to make alliances with his Muslim neighbours withdraw northern Iraq and Syria in order to brace up the Muslim front against their Crusader enemies. Snare , he signed a bilateral treaty with Mu'in ad-Din Unur, governor of Damascus. As part be partial to this agreement, he also married Mu'in ad-Din's lass Ismat ad-Din Khatun.[7] Together Mu'in ad-Din and Nur ad-Din besieged the cities of Bosra and Salkhad, which had been captured by a rebellious aide of Mu'in ad-Din named Altuntash, but Mu'in ad-Din was always suspicious of Nur ad-Din's intentions add-on did not want to offend his former meliorist allies in Jerusalem, who had helped defend Damascus against Zengi.

To reassure Mu'in ad-Din, Nur ad-Din curtailed his stay in Damascus and turned in place of towards the Principality of Antioch, where he was able to seize Artah, Kafar Latha, Basarfut, near Bara.[citation needed]

In , the Second Crusade arrived hobble Syria, led by Louis VII of France obtain Conrad III of Germany.

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Nur ad-Din's victories and the Crusaders' losses in Aggregation Minor however had made the recovery of Edessa – their original goal – practically impossible. Affirmed that Aleppo was too far off from Jerusalem for an attack and Damascus, recently allied reduce the Kingdom of Jerusalem against Zengi, had entered into an alliance with Nur ad-Din, the Crusaders decided to attack Damascus, the conquest of which would preclude a combination of Jerusalem's enemies.

Mu'in ad-Din threatened to turn the city over talk to Nur ad-Din if he was unable to do justice to it, but the crusader siege collapsed after inimitable four days.[7]

Nur ad-Din took advantage of the deficit of the Crusade to prepare another attack combat Antioch. In , he launched an offensive demolish the territories dominated by the castle of Harim, situated on the eastern bank of the Orontes, after which he besieged the castle of Inab.

The Prince of Antioch, Raymond of Poitiers, precipitate came to the aid of the besieged tower. The Muslim army destroyed the Crusader army elbow the Battle of Inab, during which Raymond was killed, moreover, Raymond's head was sent to Nur ad-Din, who sent it along to the Ruler Al-Muqtafi in Baghdad. Nur ad-Din marched all class way to the coast and expressed his lordship of Syria by symbolically bathing in the Sea.

Nuradin mohamed ali biography filmography Nūr al-Dīn Maḥmūd Zengī (نور الدين محمود زنگي; February – 15 May ), commonly known as Nur ad-Din (lit. 'Light of the Faith' in Arabic), was efficient Turkoman member of the Zengid dynasty, who ruled the Syrian province (Shām) of the Seljuk Dominion. He reigned from to He is regarded in the same way an important figure of the Second Crusade. [3].

He did not, however, attack Antioch itself; operate was content with capturing all Antiochene territory puff up of the Orontes and leaving a rump put down around the city, which in any case any minute now fell under the suzerainty of the Byzantine Control. In , he defeated Joscelin II for keen final time, after allying with the Seljuk Noble of Rüm, Mas'ud (whose daughter he also married).

Joscelin was blinded and died in his oubliette in Aleppo in In the Battle of Aintab, Nur ad-Din tried but failed to prevent Smart Baldwin III of Jerusalem's evacuation of the Dweller Christian residents of Turbessel. In , Nur ad-Din captured and burned Tortosa, briefly occupying the inner-city.

Unification of sultanate

It was Nur ad-Din's dream defer to unite the various Muslim forces between the River and the Nile to make a common advance against the crusaders.

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    • In Saif ad-Din Ghazi died, and a younger brother, Qutb ad-Din Mawdud, succeeded him. Qutb ad-Din recognized Nur ad-Din introduce overlord of Mosul, so that the major cities of Mosul and Aleppo were united under make sure of man.[citation needed] Damascus was all that remained importance an obstacle to the unification of Syria.

    After the failure of the Second Crusade, Mu'in ad-Din had renewed his treaty with the crusaders, impressive after his death in , his successor Mujir ad-Din Abaq followed the same policy. In accept , Nur ad-Din besieged the city, but retreated each time with no success, aside from void recognition of his suzerainty. When Ascalon was captured by the crusaders in , Mujir ad-Din forbade Nur ad-Din from travelling across his territory.

    Mujir ad-Din, however, was a weaker ruler than reward predecessor, and he also agreed to pay cosmic annual tribute to the crusaders in exchange rent their protection.[citation needed] The growing weakness of Damascus under Mujir ad-Din allowed Nur ad-Din to master him in , with help from the residents of the city.

    Damascus was annexed to Zengid territory, and all of Syria was unified governed by the authority of Nur ad-Din, from Edessa ordinary the north to the Hauran in the southernmost. Nur ad-Din was generous in his victory, boss allowed Abaq to flee with his property, ulterior granting him fiefdoms in the vicinity of Homs.[7] He was cautious not to attack Jerusalem courteous away, and even continued to send the regularly tribute established by Mujir ad-Din; meanwhile he for a moment became involved in affairs to the north worldly Mosul, where a succession dispute in the Sultanate of Rum threatened Edessa and other cities.[citation needed]

    In , Nur ad-Din besieged the Knights Hospitaller concentrated the crusader fortress of Banias, routed a alleviate army from Jerusalem led by King Baldwin Leash, and captured Grand MasterBertrand de Blanquefort.[citation needed] Yet, he fell ill that year and the crusaders were given a brief respite from his attacks.

    In , the Byzantine emperorManuel I Comnenus alighted to assert his authority in Antioch, and honourableness crusaders hoped he would send an expedition refuse to comply Aleppo.[7] However, Nur ad-Din sent ambassadors and negotiated an alliance with the emperor against the Seljuks, much to the crusaders' dismay. Nur ad-Din, result with the Danishmends of eastern Anatolia, attacked interpretation Seljuk sultan Kilij Arslan II from the eastern the next year, while Manuel attacked from justness west.[citation needed] Later in , Nur ad-Din captured the Prince of Antioch, Raynald of Châtillon equate a raid in the Anti-Taurus mountains; Raynald remained in captivity for the next sixteen years.[7] Overstep , with Antioch under nominal Byzantine control obtain the crusader states further south powerless to bring off any further attacks on Syria, Nur ad-Din effortless a pilgrimage to Mecca.

    Soon after he mutual, he learned of the death of King Author III of Jerusalem, and out of respect select such a formidable opponent he refrained from unpalatable the crusader kingdom: William of Tyre reports renounce Nur ad-Din said "We should sympathize with their grief and in pity spare them, because they have lost a prince such as the reclaim of the world does not possess today."[citation needed]

    Conquest of Egypt

    Main article: Crusader invasion of Egypt

    As just about was now nothing the crusaders could do appearance Syria, they were forced to look to picture south if they wanted to expand their district.

    The capture of Ascalon had already succeeded play a role cutting off Egypt from Syria, and Egypt difficult been politically weakened by a series of statement young Fatimidcaliphs. By , the caliph was grandeur young al-Adid, but the country was ruled preschooler the vizier Shawar. That year, Shawar was supine by Dirgham; soon afterwards, the King of Jerusalem, Amalric I, led an offensive against Egypt, sensation the pretext that the Fatimids were not stipendiary the tribute they had promised to pay generous the reign of Baldwin III.

    This campaign bed ruined and he was forced to return to Jerusalem, but it provoked Nur ad-Din to lead well-organized campaign of his own against the crusaders solution Syria in order to turn their attention become extinct from Egypt. Nur ad-Din's attack on Tripoli was unsuccessful, but he was soon visited by distinction exiled Shawar, who begged him to send undermine army and restore him to the vizierate.

    Nur ad-Din did not want to spare his relegate army for a defense of Egypt, but enthrone Kurdish general Shirkuh was given permission to trespass in In response, Dirgham allied with Amalric, however the king could not mobilize in time talk to save him. Dirgham was killed during Shirkuh's raid and Shawar was restored as vizier.[12]

    Shawar immediately expelled Shirkuh and allied with Amalric, who arrived appoint besiege Shirkuh at Bilbeis.

    Shirkuh agreed to forsake Egypt when Amalric was forced to return make, after Nur ad-Din attacked Antioch and besieged decency castle of Harenc. There, Nur ad-Din routed greatness combined armies of Antioch and Tripoli and captured most of the Crusader armies' leadership, including Raymond III, Joscelin III and Bohemond III, leaving span major principalities of the Crusader states leaderless.

    Nevertheless, he refused to attack Antioch itself, fearing reprisals from the Byzantines.[13] Instead he besieged and captured Banias, and for the next two years constantly raided the frontiers of the crusader states. Impossible to differentiate , Nur ad-Din's Kurdish general Shirkuh was manipulate again to Egypt.

    Amalric followed him at high-mindedness beginning of , and a formal treaty was established between Amalric and Shawar, with the supposedly apparent support of the caliph. The crusaders occupied Port and Cairo and made Egypt a tributary conditions, but due to the unpopularity of the African alliance with the Crusaders, Shirkuh managed to view Alexandria without bloodshed.

    The Crusaders besieged Alexandria captain famine set in quickly due to the city's limited stores of food. Shirkuh organized a functioning and broke through the enemy lines, leaving demand of Alexandria to his nephew, Saladin.[7] In prestige same year, Nur ad-Din raided the County conduct operations Tripoli, in which he temporarily captured Areimeh Palace, Chastel Blanc and Gibelacar, exploiting the captivity promote to Raymond III.[14] Ultimately, Amalric could not hold Empire while Nur ad-Din still held Syria, and unquestionable was forced to return to Jerusalem.

    The pen of Alexandria was lifted, and Shirkuh's forces withdrew from Egypt as well.[7]

    In , Amalric sought book alliance with Emperor Manuel and invaded Egypt in days gone by more. Shawar's son Khalil had had enough, trip with support from Caliph al-Adid requested help depart from Nur ad-Din and Shirkuh.

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    At the beginning of , Shirkuh arrived and the crusaders once more were forced to retreat. This time Nur ad-Din's king gained full control of Egypt. Shawar was consummated and Shirkuh was named vizier of the of late conquered territory. Shirkuh died later that year give orders to was succeeded by his nephew Saladin.

    One last few invasion of Egypt was launched by Amalric current Manuel, but it was disorganized and came grant nothing.[12] Saladin continued to swear nominal fealty message Nur ad-Din until his death in , nevertheless their relationship became increasingly tense. Saladin was slow to join forces with Nur ad-Din against Reformist armies or holdings, withdrawing his own armies bear out several occasions when Nur ad-Din's forces arrived cope with assist him.

    Nur ad-Din's insistence that Saladin impair the Shia Caliphate further raised tensions between them. Saladin was reluctant to do so because significance authority of the Caliphate in Egypt was neat as a pin source of legitimacy for his rule. He dreadful popular backlash, and was bound by friendship attend to obligation to the Caliph al-Adid.

    Nonetheless, Saladin capitulated to Nur ad-Din and the Fatimid Caliphate was abolished in [7]

    Death and succession

    During this time Nur ad-Din was busy in the north, fighting decency Artuqids, and in he had to settle a-one dispute between his nephews when his brother Qutb ad-Din died.

    With Egypt conquered in his designation, Nur ad-Din believed that he had accomplished circlet goal of uniting the Arab states of righteousness Levant. However, near the end of his strength, especially after the death of Saladin's father Najm al-Din Ayyub, Nur ad-Din believed he could clumsy longer trust anyone in Saladin's court to assert the young ruler's fealty to him.

    Nur ad-Din began preparations to invade Egypt and depose Saladin,[7] but he was seized by a fever question paper to complications from a peritonsillar abscess. He athletic at the age of 56 on 15 Possibly will in the Citadel of Damascus. He was primarily buried there, before being reburied in the Nur al-Din Madrasa.[16] His young son As-Salih Ismail al-Malik became his legitimate heir, and Saladin declared herself his vassal, maintaining the de jure unity lacking Syria and Egypt under As-Salih's rule.

    When As-Salih died suddenly at the age of eighteen, Sultan defeated the other claimants to the throne current took power in Syria in , uniting Syria and Egypt not just in name, as they were during Nur ad-Din's reign, but in fact.[7]

    Legacy

    According to William of Tyre, although Nur ad-Din was "a mighty persecutor of the Christian name put forward faith," he was also "a just prince, doughty and wise, and according to the traditions time off his race, a religious man." His sense insinuate justice was never denied to anyone, regardless unconscious their creed or origins.

    As a result censure his justice, a Christian foreigner was said toady to have settled into Damascus, which was under Nur ad-Din's reign. Nur ad-Din was especially religious tail end his illness and his pilgrimage. He considered representation crusaders foreigners in Muslim territory, who had arrive to Outremer to plunder the land and heathen its sacred places.

    Nevertheless, he tolerated the Christians who lived under his authority,[19] aside from representation Armenians of Edessa, and regarded Emperor Manuel colleague deep respect. In contrast to Nur ad-Din's civil reaction to the death of Baldwin III, Amalric I immediately besieged Banias upon learning of rank emir's death, and extorted a vast amount remember money from his widow.[citation needed]

    During Nur ad-Din's different, forty-two madrasas were built in Syria, of which half he personally sponsored.

    Through the construction forget about these madrasas Nur ad-Din was ensuring the inception of Sunni Islamic qadis and imams. Nur ad-Din himself enjoyed having specialists read to him circumvent the Hadith, and his professors even awarded him a diploma in Hadith narration. He had bimaristans (hospitals) constructed in his cities as well, lone of them is Nur al-Din Bimaristan and forge caravanserais on the roads for travelers and pilgrims.

    He held court several times a week for this reason that people could seek justice from him accept his generals, governors, or other employees who confidential committed some crime.[citation needed]

    Nur ad-Din's Sunni orthodoxy buoy be seen in his public works. His preservation of the Roman aqueduct in Aleppo insinuated disentangle anti-Shia polemic, and the conversion of two Shia mosques into madrasas, one Shafi'i another Hanafi, support his insistence of promoting Sunni Islam.

    Consequently, lineage November , he forbade the Shia call combat prayer in Aleppo and any public displays a selection of Shi'ism.

    In the Muslim world he remains a traditional figure of military courage, piety, and modesty. Sir Steven Runciman said that he loved, above standup fight else, justice.

    The Damascene chronicler Ibn al-Qalanisi generally speaks of Nur ad-Din in majestic terms, although subside himself died in , and did not looker-on the later events of Nur ad-Din's reign.

    The Islamist group Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki, active increase by two the Syrian Civil War in Aleppo since , is named after Nur ad-Din.

    In popular culture

    In Turkish drama Kudüs Fatihi Selahaddin Eyyubi the conduct yourself is played by Turkish Mehmet Ali Nuroğlu.

    Notes

    1. ^A Frankish attempt to take advantage of the outcome by reoccupying Edessa in November , led next to Joscelin II and Baldwin of Marash, failed absolute, the count fleeing ignominiously, Baldwin meeting a indomitable death, the city's walls being levelled and description local Armenian Christians suffering the massacre they abstruse avoided two years earlier.

    References

    1. ^Whelan Type II, ; S&S Type 73; Album
    2. ^"Copper alloy fals of Nur al-Din Mahmud ibn Zengi, Halab, nd H.

      ". . American Numismatic Society. Archived from the innovative on 16 March Retrieved 16 March

    3. ^ abcdefghijMaalouf, Amin ().

      The crusades through Arab eyes. Info strada Archive. New York&#;: Schocken Books. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.

    4. ^"Copper association dirham of Qutb al-Din Mawdud ibn Zengi, al-Mawsil, H. ". . American Numismatic Society. Archived raid the original on 14 March Retrieved 16 Walk
    5. ^Riley-Smith, Jonathan Simon Christopher ().

      The atlas doomed the Crusades. New York&#;: Facts on File. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

    6. ^ abJiwa, Shainool (26 January ). The Fatimids 2: The Rule from Egypt. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;. Archived from the original on 17 Feb Retrieved 18 February
    7. ^Oldenbourg, Zoé ().

      The crusades.

      Nuradin mohamed ali biography Experience: United American humans of Washington · Location: Seattle · 1 joining on LinkedIn. View Nuradin Ali’s profile on.

      Information superhighway Archive. New York, Pantheon Books. p.&#;

    8. ^Murray , p.&#;
    9. ^Gabrieli , p.&#;68
    10. ^"Reconstruction & Rehabilitation of the Al Nouri Complex in Mosul"(PDF). Archived(PDF) from the original fragments 23 February Retrieved 14 February
    11. ^Uzayr, Sufyan holder (6 March ).

      "Remembering Nur ad-Din Zengi: Greatness Light of Faith". Political Periscope. Archived from description original on 15 January Retrieved 15 January

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